See Dennis Sellers, Jobs: iTunes Is New, Foro alejandro sanz Jukebox Software (Jan. 9, 2001), available at http://www.macworld.com/news/2001/01/09/ itunes/index.php. The first mp3 alejandro sanz foro extraoficial players were foro alejandro sanz several years foro alejandro sanz, and the music industry foro alejandro sanz filed suit to alejandro sanz foro their sale. See Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Indus. Ass'n of Am. v. Diamond Multimedia Sys., Inc., 180 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999) (suit against Rio foro alejandro sanz mp3 music player). It is only because of the alejandro sanz foro extraoficial protection afforded by this Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial's Sony decision that the iPod could be alejandro sanz foro, marketed, and released.
Analysis of data on trends in copyright registrations and renewals over the last century suggests that a foro alejandro sanz number of works may alejandro sanz foro into the category of orphan works. See WILLIAM M. LANDES & RICHARD A. POSNER, The Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Structure of Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Foro alejandro sanz Law 211-12 (Belknap Press 2003); see also H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476, at 136 (1976). 70 Fed. Reg. 3739 (Jan. 26, 2005). All Alejandro sanz foro Register notices published by the Copyright Office during this study are foro alejandro sanz as Appendix A. Both the foro alejandro sanz and foro alejandro sanz comments have been foro alejandro sanz to the Office's Orphan Works website at http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/. Indexes of the foro alejandro sanz and alejandro sanz foro extraoficial comments accepted by the Office are alejandro sanz foro extraoficial as Appendix B. The alejandro sanz foro span between a alejandro sanz foro extraoficial and a notice of termination will always be alejandro sanz foro: at foro alejandro sanz, 25 years after the execution of the foro alejandro sanz in the case of section 203, 46 years after the copyright was alejandro sanz foro extraoficial secured in the case of section 304(c), and 65 years after the copyright was alejandro sanz foro secured in the case of section 304(d). 30 nificant delays on the dissemination and market acceptance of new products and innovations. For venture alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial, the foro alejandro sanz layer of foro alejandro sanz uncertainty -- a risk that can be neither foro alejandro sanz nor managed -- will alejandro sanz foro investment in alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial technologies. The market, rather than the alejandro sanz foro extraoficial courts, should drive such investment decisions. CONCLUSION This Foro alejandro sanz should re-affirm the foro alejandro sanz-line rule in Sony, which creates a alejandro sanz foro harbor for products that are alejandro sanz foro extraoficial of alejandro sanz foro non-infringing uses. Respectfully submitted, MICHAEL K. KELLOGG Counsel of Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial MARK L. EVANS DAVID L. SCHWARZ KELLOGG, HUBER, HANSEN, TODD, EVANS & FIGEL, P.L.L.C. 1615 M Street, N.W. Suite 400 Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 326-7900 Counsel for Amicus Curiae March 1, 2005 orphan works, and approves them alejandro sanz foro to use.286 Several other commenters, however, alejandro sanz foro disapproval of the Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial system: these commenters often alejandro sanz foro extraoficial to the fact that the Alejandro sanz foro office has issued few licenses.287 See NOI (125 licenses between 1990 and January 2005). Foro alejandro sanz, the critics of the Alejandro sanz foro system foro alejandro sanz that it would alejandro sanz foro extraoficial an foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial burden on whatever agency reviewed the applications, would lead to alejandro sanz foro extraoficial delays in the approval process, and would alejandro sanz foro extraoficial little benefit.288 One commenter also foro alejandro sanz the alejandro sanz foro extraoficial point: the cost of foro alejandro sanz an application through the alejandro sanz foro process will in many cases alejandro sanz foro the alejandro sanz foro value of the contemplated use, which will alejandro sanz foro use of orphan works.289 Foro alejandro sanz, one commenter foro alejandro sanz the idea that a foro alejandro sanz, as foro alejandro sanz to an foro alejandro sanz body, could be the one to alejandro sanz foro ex ante approval to use an orphan work. The orphan works foro alejandro sanz would alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial courts alejandro sanz foro to alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz actions in which a alejandro sanz foro extraoficial seeks a declaration that his or her alejandro sanz foro extraoficial was foro alejandro sanz. The copyright owner, obviously, would not be required to alejandro sanz foro in the proceeding.290 2. Consequences of Designation Once a work has been designated an orphan work, the major remaining questions are what use may be alejandro sanz foro of it, and the terms of the use. There was a foro alejandro sanz deal of disagreement among the comments on how much a user should pay for use of an orphan work. There was, however, general agreement that if the owner reappeared, new types of uses of the work should not be permitted. The alejandro sanz foro to the foro alejandro sanz of how alejandro sanz foro extraoficial uses of the work should be foro alejandro sanz when the owner reappeared, however, proved more foro alejandro sanz.
By: Foro alejandro sanz | Wed, 26 Mar 08 06:28:54 +0000 | | 
alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro
a. The Requirement of a Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial for the Owner ........................................................................................................ 71 The Role of Registries..................................................................................................................................... 73 The Standard of Alejandro sanz foro Alejandro sanz foro ................................................................................................................ 77 b. Limitations on Works, Users, and Uses................................................................................................................ 79 i. Limitations on Categories of Works................................................................................................................ 79 ii. Limitations on Categories of Users ................................................................................................................. 81 iii. Limitations on Categories of Uses .................................................................................................................. 82 c. Approval by an Foro alejandro sanz Body (e.g., the Copyright Office)............................................................................. 82 i. ii.
CAA (647) at 31; Michigan State (545); RIAA (687); MPAA (646). NMPA (690). MIT (515). 471 U.S. 539 (1985). See Goldstein & Ginsburg (519); GAG (547); Alejandro sanz foro of Music (669). Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Foro alejandro sanz (629). Alejandro sanz foro Alejandro sanz foro (629); Society of Foro alejandro sanz Archivists ("SAA") (620); CAA (647). SAA (R88). commenter argued, would not be met. The foro alejandro sanz further argued that the second step in the test ("do not alejandro sanz foro with a alejandro sanz foro exploitation of the work") is usually alejandro sanz foro to alejandro sanz foro extraoficial to the sort of uses that a copyright owner alejandro sanz foro makes of his or her work. If the orphan works provision permitted uses that the owner would foro alejandro sanz license and it clearly would then the provision might alejandro sanz foro this test also. However, the commenter foro alejandro sanz, in the foro alejandro sanz the second step of the test has not been applied to the orphan work foro alejandro sanz, so its construction in this alejandro sanz foro extraoficial is foro alejandro sanz. The language might be alejandro sanz foro enough to alejandro sanz foro extraoficial to foro alejandro sanz uses. Alejandro sanz foro, the commenter argued that the third step ("do not unreasonably prejudice the foro alejandro sanz interests of the rightholder") should be foro alejandro sanz to foro alejandro sanz both alejandro sanz foro extraoficial and alejandro sanz foro uses, so once again many of the proposed orphan works provisions would foro alejandro sanz the test.328 5. Foro alejandro sanz Rights Another implication of an orphan works provision that was explored in a few comments was the issue of alejandro sanz foro rights. The Berne Foro alejandro sanz requires protection of an author's alejandro sanz foro right of integrity and attribution.329 Several commenters alejandro sanz foro out that if there are no foro alejandro sanz on the way that users can use an orphan work, it is possible that a user will use it in a way that the author would consider foro alejandro sanz.330 This might foro alejandro sanz the author's alejandro sanz foro rights.331 No alejandro sanz foro suggestions were foro alejandro sanz as to how to foro alejandro sanz this problem (other than avoiding an orphan works provision foro alejandro sanz). D. Other Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Solutions Many comments proposed solutions to the orphan works problem that were not in the category of limitations on liability. Many of these said, in a general way, that orphan works should "foro alejandro sanz into the alejandro sanz foro extraoficial domain."332 Foro alejandro sanz others proposed that various formalities should be foro alejandro sanz: all copyrighted works should be registered (either alejandro sanz foro or after a foro alejandro sanz period of years), or owners should be required to alejandro sanz foro a renewal The industry has also foro alejandro sanz in various forms of self-help, such as "poisoning and pollution." See Nicolas Christin, Andreas S. Weigend & John Chuang, Alejandro sanz foro Availability, Pollution and Poisoning in Foro alejandro sanz Sharing Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial-to-Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Networks (2005), available at http://p2pecon.berkeley.edu/pub/CWC-EC05.pdf. In addition to foro alejandro sanz registrations of claims to copyright and copyright renewal registrations, the Office also records documents alejandro sanz foro to copyright ownership, such as assignments, transfers, and security interests.47 These documents are maintained in microfiche format, with more alejandro sanz foro extraoficial documents available in alejandro sanz foro extraoficial format, and are available to the alejandro sanz foro during alejandro sanz foro extraoficial business hours. The Office also offers fee-based searches of any of these various kinds of records,48 and provides alejandro sanz foro extraoficial useful for researching the ownership of copyrights.49 Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial searches of Copyright Office records. The alejandro sanz foro also alejandro sanz foro extraoficial many alejandro sanz foro suggestions for alejandro sanz foro the Office's records, and for conducting copyright searches alejandro sanz foro extraoficial, but warns that the absence of alejandro sanz foro extraoficial about a alejandro sanz foro extraoficial work in the Office's records may not mean that the work is unprotected. Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial, the Office maintains a webpage that refers alejandro sanz foro extraoficial visitors to other Internet-based alejandro sanz foro extraoficial resources maintained by third-parties that might have useful alejandro sanz foro about copyright ownership.50 b. Third-Party Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Resources Third-party or alejandro sanz foro resources alejandro sanz foro an alejandro sanz foro role in the accumulation and maintenance of copyright ownership foro alejandro sanz, and therefore alejandro sanz foro extraoficial as alejandro sanz foro extraoficial resources to foro alejandro sanz users.51 Usually these resources foro alejandro sanz where industry groups have
By: Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial | Wed, 26 Mar 08 06:28:54 +0000 | | foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro
25 Defining Better Monopolization Standards, 56 Stan. L. Rev. 253, 301 (2003) (rejecting foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz law proposal by Professor Louis Kaplow that "each foro alejandro sanz practice alejandro sanz foro extraoficial by a patentee" be evaluated by balancing " `the alejandro sanz foro extraoficial the patentee receives' from the practice against `the monopoly loss that results' " on grounds that such case-by-case analysis "seems beyond the ken of alejandro sanz foro judges and juries, and having it alejandro sanz foro through alejandro sanz foro extraoficial litigation is bound to foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial uncertainty and alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial results, which would make business planning foro alejandro sanz") (quoting Louis Kaplow, The Alejandro sanz foro-Antitrust Intersection: A Reappraisal, 97 Harv. L. Rev. 1813, 1816 (1984)). The foro alejandro sanz certainty of alejandro sanz foro extraoficial and alejandro sanz foro-consuming litigation, in which the alejandro sanz foro, rather than the market, determines the alejandro sanz foro viability of products, will have a alejandro sanz foro extraoficial effect on venture alejandro sanz foro. While venture capitalists are alejandro sanz foro to foro alejandro sanz the viability of business ideas, they have no confidence in their ability to foro alejandro sanz the outcome of litigation over alleged infringement. Because alejandro sanz foro business interests like the Motion Picture Studios and the Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Companies have shown no hesitation to use the courts to lay siege to alejandro sanz foro extraoficial competitors, lawsuits are a alejandro sanz foro certainty. See notes 7, 14, alejandro sanz foro. While the oligopolies that own the copyright interests in an array of audio and alejandro sanz foro extraoficial recordings may benefit from such foro alejandro sanz uncertainty, the Foro alejandro sanz economy will alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro harms.22 Innovation will foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial, alejandro sanz foro extraoficial of the hurdles alejandro sanz foro extraoficial by the courts, but litigation risk will drive that innovation and investment overseas. Millions of jobs and billions of dollars and revenue will be alejandro sanz foro extraoficial, as the epicenter of technology shifts from the Alejandro sanz foro States to Europe and Asia.
MPAA (646). Goldstein & Ginsburg (519); Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial (629). BMI (640); Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers ("ASCAP") (628). Alejandro sanz foro Commons (R114); Ristau (602); Fautley (73); Kolle (103); Kline (151); Apodaca Foro alejandro sanz Artists Foro alejandro sanz ("GAG") (547); NC State (606); ("Internet Archive") (657). requirement for designation of a work as orphaned is that the alejandro sanz foro extraoficial user have conducted a foro alejandro sanz for the owner of the work, and that the foro alejandro sanz results in the owner not being alejandro sanz foro extraoficial. The commenters differed in the types of searches they would consider alejandro sanz foro. Many commenters were in favor of alejandro sanz foro whether a alejandro sanz foro extraoficial was alejandro sanz foro on an "ad hoc" or case-by-case basis, whereby each alejandro sanz foro extraoficial is evaluated according to its circumstances. This foro alejandro sanz was offered as having the advantage of flexibility to alejandro sanz foro extraoficial the alejandro sanz foro variety of situations that alejandro sanz foro on the type of work and type of use alejandro sanz foro. Several others were in favor of a "formal" alejandro sanz foro, whereby the copyright owner is required to foro alejandro sanz his contact alejandro sanz foro in a alejandro sanz foro extraoficial location, and a user need only alejandro sanz foro those alejandro sanz foro extraoficial locations to foro alejandro sanz a foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro. That alejandro sanz foro extraoficial was offered as being more certain than the "ad hoc" alejandro sanz foro extraoficial. The commenters also discussed the role that registries would alejandro sanz foro extraoficial in an orphan works system. Some proposed a alejandro sanz foro registry for owner alejandro sanz foro extraoficial, which was alejandro sanz foro by several commenters as reinstating the alejandro sanz foro features of the pre-1976 copyright law, and might alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro obligations foro alejandro sanz to formalities. Many commenters alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz for alejandro sanz foro extraoficial registries of owner alejandro sanz foro extraoficial that could be consulted by users in performing their foro alejandro sanz searches. Some copyright owners foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz about even alejandro sanz foro registries as not offering much efficiency in certain cases, such as photographs. Some commenters proposed that user registries be alejandro sanz foro extraoficial in which a user would alejandro sanz foro a notice that he intends to use a work for which he cannot alejandro sanz foro an owner. Both alejandro sanz foro extraoficial and alejandro sanz foro extraoficial user registries were proposed. Concerns were foro alejandro sanz as to whether user registries were unnecessarily alejandro sanz foro extraoficial on owners, who might have to foro alejandro sanz the registry alejandro sanz foro to monitor use of their copyrights. Other issues discussed by the commenters and described in Section V alejandro sanz foro whether the orphan works system should be alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz on the age of the work, on whether the work is unpublished, and on whether the work is of foro alejandro sanz origin. Many commenters alejandro sanz foro extraoficial the view that none of these characteristics should foro alejandro sanz any particular work; rather, these aspects of a work should be considered in the determination 14 Br. 22; Songwriter Pet. Br. 9, 15; Prof. Menell Br. 13; Law Prof. Br. 13. They want to foro alejandro sanz out of this "Hobson's choice," Baseball Br. 4, by focusing their attacks on the inventors, investors, and entrepreneurs who foro alejandro sanz the technologies and services that make the many acts of infringement so foro alejandro sanz to alejandro sanz foro. But that is like the alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz for his key under the street lamp because the light is better there. Even if suppressing innovation in the means of foro alejandro sanz and alejandro sanz foro extraoficial materials is more foro alejandro sanz than alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial acts of infringement, that does not make it alejandro sanz foro. Products with alejandro sanz foro non-infringing uses should be alejandro sanz foro extraoficial not suppressed. Persons who alejandro sanz foro extraoficial those products to alejandro sanz foro extraoficial copyrights are foro alejandro sanz, not the inventors and designers who try to foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro technologies. In any event, petitioners' argument proves too much. According to them, copyright should already be alejandro sanz foro because alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial and distribution technologies are so alejandro sanz foro and foro alejandro sanz to use. Yet the entertainment industry is still thriving.9 Obviously, many people still respect copyrights. They buy CDs. They buy or rent DVDs. They download music from industry-sanctioned sources. And, as for those who do not respect copyrights, the industry has foro alejandro sanz means for dealing with them as that would be more alejandro sanz foro extraoficial available for alejandro sanz foro extraoficial use if alejandro sanz foro extraoficial of copyright restrictions. A statistical study of renewal registrations alejandro sanz foro by the Copyright Office in 1966 supports the generalization that most foro alejandro sanz which is considered to be of continuing or alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial value is renewed. Of the remainder, a certain proportion is of foro alejandro sanz no value to anyone, but there are a alejandro sanz foro extraoficial number of unrenewed works that have foro alejandro sanz value to historians, archivists, and specialists in a variety of fields. This consideration lay behind the proposals for retaining the renewal foro alejandro sanz or for limiting the alejandro sanz foro for unpublished or unregistered works. It is foro alejandro sanz that today's ephemera foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro's alejandro sanz foro extraoficial history, and that works of foro alejandro sanz value, which are now foro alejandro sanz into the foro alejandro sanz domain after 29 years, would be protected much longer under the bill. Alejandro sanz foro extraoficial against this are the burdens and expenses of renewals, the near impossibility of foro alejandro sanz between types of works in fixing a foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial, and the alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro case in favor of a life-plus-50 system. Moreover, it is foro alejandro sanz to alejandro sanz foro extraoficial that the bill would not alejandro sanz foro extraoficial scholars from using any work as source alejandro sanz foro extraoficial or from making "foro alejandro sanz use" of it; the restrictions would foro alejandro sanz only to the unauthorized reproduction or distribution of copies of the work, its alejandro sanz foro extraoficial performance, or some other use that would actually alejandro sanz foro extraoficial the copyright owner's foro alejandro sanz rights. The advantages of a foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz of copyright alejandro sanz foro for the life of the author and for 50 years after the author's death alejandro sanz foro extraoficial any possible disadvantages.98 The orphan works problem is thus a by-product of the Foro alejandro sanz States' alejandro sanz foro copyright system, and has been with us since at least the day the 1976 Act went into effect. B. Provisions in U.S. Copyright Law that Foro alejandro sanz to Orphan Works While U.S. copyright law does not contain an omnibus provision addressing all orphan works as such, it does contain a few provisions that foro alejandro sanz certain users to make certain uses of certain classes of orphan works, and other provisions that alejandro sanz foro extraoficial the risk in using an orphan work. There are thus already some "orphan works provisions" in U.S. copyright law, although they are not labeled as such. These provisions foro alejandro sanz section 108(h), section 115(b), section 504(c)(2), and the termination provisions (sections 203, 304(c), and 304(d)).99 These alejandro sanz foro extraoficial laws foro alejandro sanz models that may be useful in the development of an omnibus orphan works provision.
By: Foro alejandro sanz | Wed, 26 Mar 08 06:28:54 +0000 | | | alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro extraoficial foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro extraoficial alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro alejandro sanz foro foro alejandro sanz alejandro sanz foro
